Cognitive Behavioral Approach

Introduction Mental health is quite important in defining the mental well being of a person. This is due to the fact that the mind and behavior are interconnected. Poor coordination or disconnection between the two renders a person in a state of abnormality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Behavioral Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this context, reality implies what the society has conceived to be acceptable and those who deviate from such standards or do not agree are considered to be abnormal (Plomba, 2010). This approach is psychologically referred to as cognitive behavioral approach. This reflective essay discusses cognitive behavioral approach and how it might be incorporated in a counselor’s work, with reference to several authentic references. Cognitive Therapy From a general perspective, cognitive process encompasses a wide range of a person’s mental health and composi tion. These elements include but not limited to mental images, attitudes, ideas and beliefs. This is to say that cognitive therapy is founded on the argument that some health complications in a person’s life could be attributed to his or her way of thinking. Such health problems may include phobias and depression among others. In this line of thought, it suffices to mention that therapists are usually charged with the responsibility of explaining the mental patterns of clients for their better understanding (Plomba, 2010). This is usually important in analyzing the safety, truthfulness and overall nature of one’s thoughts, since thoughts have the potential of causing health problems or worsening a mild and manageable health issue. The main aim of this approach is to allow a person to change his or her way of thinking by avoiding related imaginations and thoughts. It can further augment the ability of a person to adopt more realistic and productive thoughts. From this a nalogy, I believe that thoughts play a significant role in defining a person’s overall health status, even though mental health is more profound. In essence, thoughts create a link between stimuli that are commonly evoked in the human body. In other words, stimuli trigger various thoughts, which could be as a result of personal judgment concerning an issue, which in turn generates emotions at any given moment (Counseling Directory, 2012). Similarly, it is worth noting that under cognitive therapy, an emotional response is always triggered by the stimulus and individual judgment and perception over the stimulus. In addition, there are two assumptions, which emphasize the use cognitive therapy. The first is when the client in question has the mental capability of recognizing personal thoughts and the need of changing them.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second assumption, w hich is equally important, is that the reality may be distorted or misrepresented especially in cases where there are stimuli being elicited. This interference usually affects the accuracy of the reality. For instance, what a person perceives with regard to a given experience and expected emotions may result into him or her being rejected during a job interview. Consequently, one may feel that the outcome of such an interview could have been influenced by his or her fundamental incompetence (Counseling Directory, 2012). This may result into depression and discouragement from making similar advances and applications in future. On the other hand, if an applicant feels that he did not go through the interview because of the existence of a strong competition, these feelings may breed disappointment that does not have elements of discouragement. This may persuade such a person to reapply for other related jobs. Essentially, cognitive therapy affirms that psychological disturbance is caus ed by imaginations that are distorted, leading to the existence of stressful emotions. This theory is based on cases of mental depression, when people experience uncontrollable negative thoughts, when responding to a stimulus, which is expected to arouse positive thoughts (Mulhauser, 2012). This affirms the fact that distressed emotions may alter one’s response and even future reactions towards similar events in life. For example, a student who is being requested to remain silent in class to minimize noise may feel that whatever he or she is doing in class is wrong and irrelevant. Similarly, the same client may doubt positive statements put across, honoring his name and decide not to perform better in future. Additionally, one may feel that he was in a pathetic state when it is mentioned to him that he has registered exceptional improvement. Such thoughts are likely to evoke negative feelings of hopelessness and diminished self-esteem in the long-run. This may result into sta bilizing or worsening of an individual’s depression status. In handling such clients, I highly advise councilors to beware of the impact of the behavior of the client towards mental recovery and mental stability (Mulhauser, 2012). Cognitive therapy focuses on the interplay between behavior, thoughts and individual’s emotions with regard to existing external stimuli. Moreover, past experiences may be important in analyzing these cases, which could be essential in lowering stress among clients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Behavioral Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Behavioral Therapy This has become a common tool for councilors dealing with clients, experiencing behavior change of any nature, including but not limited to anxiety disorders, addictions and phobias. In the understanding of how this therapy functions, it is worth noting that it capitalizes on the fact that behavior can be learnt by a person or altered based on existing circumstances (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). Importantly, this approach principally assumes past and future events, which may have impact on a person’s behavior. In this line of thought, a councilor who adopts this approach puts into consideration the existing events alone. Several efforts have been made in understanding the concept of behavioral therapy. For instance, Ivan Pavlov is highly credited for his experiment that was carried out on dogs and their ability to change behavior depending of present events. In the research, it was found that the sound of a bell affected the behavior of dogs as they associated it with food (Dattilio Hanna, 2012). As a result, the dogs salivated even in the absence of food. Although this was the case, it was also noted that the intensity of the dogs salivating dropped remarkably as long as the bell sounded without the appearance of food. This observation denotes the relationship between conditioned response and conditioned stimulus, represented by salivating and the ringing of the bell respectively. Based on this approach, psychotherapists have always considered it when handling clients with phobias. It involves a gradual exposure of the client to the stimulus, which is responsible for the phobia. As a result, they are able to recondition the manner in which they respond towards the stimulus (Dattilio Hanna, 2012). On the other hand, B.F Skinner carried out a research whose main focus was on the relationship between reconditioning and rewards (Wright, 2004). The experiment allowed the automatic feeding of a rat with a dispenser, making it relate food to the noise made by the apparatus. Later on, a lever was raised after the rat had gotten used to the behavior. The purpose of the lever was to allow the food to be dispensed once the rat came into contact with it. Consequently, the rat regularly engaged the lever since it had gotten used to the noise. How the n can this technique be applied among human beings? I found out that the rat analogy can be used to help people who are faced with mental disorders in the society through the reinforcement of acceptable behavior or discouraging undesirable conduct among people (Wright, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Behavioral therapy is regarded as a very important tool in counseling since it aims at reversing harmful behavior to what is more acceptable in the society. It is vital to mention that there are several techniques, which are commonly applied when using behavioral therapy by psychologists (Sheldon, 2011). Nevertheless, a common approach is avoidance of situations that are likely to expose somebody to anxiety. As mentioned above, this is common in handling people who have phobias. Such avoidance may sometimes become too severe to affect a person’s daily life. Exposure therapy is commonly recommended in such cases where the avoidance is extreme. Under this, a person is introduced to more fearful scenarios gradually until they become familiar. During this period, the therapist is usually tasked with teaching the client how to manage anxiety and the ability to face situations, which are considered to be fearful (Corsini Wedding, 2011). A simple technique like breathing in has bee n found to work in some cases. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy From the analysis of the two therapies commonly applied in psychological counseling, I found out that human thoughts and behavior are crucial in describing the occurrence of anxiety. For example, cognitive therapy defines how our reactions are major contributing factors towards anxiety, while behavioral therapy denotes the behavior and reactions of a person when faced with circumstances, which are known to evoke anxiety (Sheldon, 2011). When the two therapies are combined to form a blend, the product is referred to as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, commonly abbreviated as CBT. According to research, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is one of most applied therapies by psychologists during counseling. Besides its wide-usage, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is regarded to be more effective as compared to other counseling tools used in handling disorders and phobias among countless conditions, which are related to one’s mental h ealth. Of importance is the fact that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy focuses on harmful patterns and disturbances, regarding the manner in which we perceive the world and ourselves in general. The basis of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is that our feelings are predominantly affected with our thoughts and not the events, which happen on a daily basis. Many psychologists agree that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy allows the application of a wider domain in helping anxious and distressed clients to attain normalcy in life (Sheldon, 2011). This combination is usually preferred because a person’s behavior reflects the mode of thinking towards situations or things in life. However, certain aspects of the two therapies in the mix may vary from one person to another depending on specific cases being handled. This is to say that a counselor ought to analyze the case first before making a final decision on either combining the two treatment options or adopting one of them. For instance, psyc hologists prefer using behavioral therapy when handling Obsessive Compulsive Disorder among clients. By combining cognitive and behavioral therapies, CBT usually aims at changing the thinking patterns of a person, which concern the cognitive part of the body and response to thoughts that determine behavior. Unlike other approaches used in handling mental cases, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy aims at the current situation, without bothering the cause of the existing issue (Sheldon, 2011). Additionally, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is known for its ability to break bulky problems into manageable portions that do not exert pressure on the client. This makes it easier for the client and the counselor to attain a point of consensus in finding a solution to an existing problem. In essence, these sections of the problem can be described as thoughts, actions and physical feelings. Importantly, each one of these elements has the ability to have impact on the other. For instance, a personâ€⠄¢s thoughts about something can have physical and emotional impact, which may ultimately alter his or her behavior (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Another factor to consider when analyzing the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is that most people tend to learn irrelevant modes of thinking and behaving throughout their lives. Nevertheless, the most important thing is to recognize such thoughts and how they could be a source of trouble in defining one’s behavior and feelings (Sheldon, 2011). Essentially, this can come into play when an individual is willing to counteract negative ways of thinking, thus leading to acceptable and helpful behavioral changes and feelings. Unlike other therapies, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be administered on a one-to-one basis, with close family members, friends or a special group of the society, depending on whether the client is comfortable with the presence of these groups of people. Ehlers and Clark Model Like in many other discipline s, several scholars have spent their time and resources in unraveling the truth behind Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Among these people are Ehlers and Clark, whose work has become instrumental in the understanding of several mental situations, which affect humanity (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Ehlers and Clark suggested several modes of approaching this issue, in their 2004 and 2000 findings respectively. Importantly, the suggestions aim at helping psychologists in handling cases of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD. The three therapy goals suggested by the two psychologists are: lower intrusions and situations, which would make one to re-experience traumatic memory, modification of negative appraisals and removal of behavioral and cognitive strategies that are considered to be dysfunctional. The following segments of this essay discuss some of the elements covered by the treatment model proposed by Ehlers and Clark, which could be used by councilors in handling clients who have men tal complications (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). Detailed assessment interview The main purpose of this process is to allow the councilor to single out cognitive issues, which have to be dealt with during treatment. Under this, it is vital for the psychologist to identify worst aspects and most painful situations, with regard to the trauma, appreciate common emotions that are connected with the event and identify dysfunctional and problematic behavioral efforts of coping as demonstrated by the client. Rationale of treatment The most important aspect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which has to be emphasized by counselors, is the need to ensure that the client comprehends the logic behind the application of certain therapeutic approaches in handling a given situation. The rationale should therefore aim at explaining the nature of PTSD together with related symptoms. Secondly, the rationale has to show the client’s efforts in fighting the trauma. This may result into a sh ort-lived relief but can as well contribute to the management of symptoms, which may have been observed. For this to be achieved, it is equally important to confront unpleasant memories of the past. Suppression of thoughts This enables the client to appreciate the importance of preventing intrusive memories, by eliminating them from the conscious mind and increase their influence. As a result, the client is advised to adopt alternative methods and avoid pushing memories from the unconscious mind through acceptance. This should allow the client to make observations, which would allow it to come and go as if the patient was watching something else (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Education Ehlers and Clark affirmed that the role of information cannot be ignored in the understanding of how Cognitive Behavioral Therapy works. This information is important in helping the client to correct earlier assumptions towards the perceived physical impact of the trauma. Besides education, it is important for the psychologist to help the client in reclaiming his life. In this respect, the client is able to regain certain aspects of his or her life including leisure activities and pursuits (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). The reclamation is important because most people take a different course of life when faced with traumatic situations in life. I consider it to be a very important element because it helps the affected person to remain unchanged from the time he or she was affected by the trauma. Instead, the client gets an opportunity to reconnect with the past through social contacts and activities. Additionally, cognitive behavioral approaches recovery of PTSD clients may involve the revisiting of the trauma. This strategy is essential because it helps the client to acknowledge the significance of the strategy in the treatment process. In this approach, the client gets an opportunity to revisit the traumatic incident by recounting in a more vivid and detailed manner. Through t his process, the client develops a detailed account of what might have happened in the past and also connecting with certain feelings, which could be related with it (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). In-vivo exposure This revolves around re-examining major reminders of the trauma, which may have previously been ignored during earlier efforts of coping with the trauma. This may therefore include a series of events like exposure to the site, sounds, activities, smells and other major reminders of the trauma (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Consequently, I believe that the process is necessary during counseling since it allows one to draw a line between harmless reminders of what has happened and the actual danger of the trauma. As a result, the client is able to confront patterns of overgeneralization, which have influenced the client to ignore certain elements that are related to the exact trauma. Identification of triggers of intrusive memories This procedure allows the client to differe ntiate past events, which might have occurred at the actual time of the trauma and present stimuli. During this process, the client should have a closer look at the context within which such intrusions are likely to occur and the triggers that are commonly associated with them. After this, a comparison between past and present context of the triggers is discussed broadly to allow better discrimination of stimulus (Corsini Wedding, 2011). The last approach suggested by Ehlers and Clark is the imagery technique. In this context, imagery is used to clarify and change the perceived meaning of the trauma memory. In essence, imagery has the potential of assisting the client to tie loose ends and enable the person to reconnect with the realistic nature of trauma. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For a counselor to effectively treat a patient using CBT, it is essential for him or her to understand the cause of the existing problem and its overall nature. This allows the selection of a mo re reliable strategy in finding the solution. Based on this, a professional psychologist is supposed to apply professional skills and knowledge in the formulation and evaluation of the issues, which surround a client’s conditions and establish a realistic treatment plan (Branch Wilson, 2010). It is therefore considered as primary modality in handling mentally disturbed people, together with other treatment strategies. As mentioned above, educational approach cannot be overlooked when finding the best treatment plan in helping a mentally disturbed person. This gives a practical and helpful sense of dealing with distressed clients. Many psychologists have adopted CBT as the most recommended approach when dealing with people who may have gone through such tough traumatic moments. Most clients are usually encouraged to embrace cognitive reorientation and change of behavior for effective and positive response towards the situation (Branch Wilson, 2010). Unlike other forms of ora l treatment, CBT focuses on behavior change and lessening the impact of observed symptoms. Additionally, practical counseling, characterized by information and coaching is paramount in ensuring that severe symptoms are relieved. In handling psychological cases, it is essential for the councilor to have a wider scope of solutions since some cases require one to think far beyond management of symptoms and behavior change. For instance, clients have to be assisted in overcoming feelings and behavior, which may arouse previous stressful moments. CBT not needed As much as cognitive behavioral therapy is highly credited for its role in managing psychological problems, there are issues, which are never handled effectively with this model of treatment. Such issues mainly present themselves in a manner that call for a solution that goes beyond addressing the existing symptoms. They may include complex disorders and higher order issues of development. In some cases, patients may fail to respo nd positively to CBT or may be put off by the entire technique (Whitfield Davidson, 2007). This may present a more complicated scenario where the counselor might be forced to consider alternative-stress management options. In this line of thought, it has also been found that clients may not agree with the fact that common psychological problems are caused by distorted emotions and irrational thoughts. Furthermore, others may have interest in discussing the issues with the counselor and not being taken through the CBT procedure. Existentialist /humanistic Therapies These theories were developed in mid 20th century. Some people refer to it as â€Å"third wave.† Humanist therapy is used to denote a certain class, which encompasses several therapies like client-centered therapy. It is generally based on a person’s hope and the capability of being self-determined. Like in other therapies applied by psychologists, humanistic counseling focuses on the present situation of a patient and the past, in order to find clarity of how history affects current events in a person’s life. Importantly, this approach does not allow judgmental conclusions, but rather uses open-ended questions, which are meant to allow the patient to have an inner examination of her thoughts and feelings. This method of counseling has been applauded for its ability to initiate self-awareness in people to allow them to move from a worse mental situation to that which is considered healthy. Despite its role in psychology, humanistic therapy was not chosen in this case because of its disadvantages, which are widely known. Firstly, this approach exposes counselors to the risk of contracting the problem if it is contagious. This is encouraged by the fact that the method allows closeness between patients and psychologists. Additionally, this therapy does not have empirical evidence, which is essential in treatment of patients. It can therefore promote narcissistic occurrences. Data c an also be used to understand trends manifested by the mental problem (Corsini Wedding, 2011). As a result of these challenges, Cognitive Behavioral therapy was chosen. Conclusion From this reflective analysis, it is evident that CBT plays a major role in helping people with emotional distortions and irrational thoughts about the world and themselves. However, for its effectiveness, there has to be communication between the counselor and the client in order to facilitate effective recovery. Through this communication, the client is allowed to appreciate the approach and techniques applied in attaining a healthy mental status. References Branch, R., Wilson, R. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Dummies. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. Corsini, R. J., Wedding, D. (2011). Current psychotherapies. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Counseling Directory. (2012). Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies. Counseling Directory. Web. Dattilio, F. M., Hanna, M. A. (2012). Collaboration in Cogniti ve-Behavioral Therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68 (2), 146-158. Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes, A., Resko, S. (2011). Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. Sage. Web. Mulhauser, G. (2012). An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Approaches. Counseling Resource. Web. Plomba. (2010). Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology. Slideshare. Web. Sheldon, B. (2011). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. Whitfield, G., Davidson, A. (2007). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Explained. United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing. Wright, J. (2004). Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. New York: American Psychiatric Pub. This essay on Cognitive Behavioral Approach was written and submitted by user Zeke Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stars and Stripes Forever †Theology Essay

Stars and Stripes Forever – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Stars and Stripes Forever Theology Essay Someone once said, â€Å"Everybody loves a parade.† As a boy, I remember the crowds of people lining both sides of the street in the tiny town of Herrick, Illinois for the annual Fourth of July parade. I miss that parade of people. It was a virtual kaleidoscope of Americana. Regardless of the diversity of people, when the American flag passed by carried proudly by the color guard, we all stood in gratitude for the freedom we hold so dearly and saluted those who paid freedom’s price. What would Independence Day be without the traditional fireworks displays lighting up the night skies across America with dazzling colors and patterns. I love to watch those amazing pyrotechnics accompanied by John Phillip Sousa’s â€Å"The Stars and Stripes Forever†. The grand finale is the red, white, and blue American flag exploding into the night sky. As I watch, I remember the great heritage left me by forbearers such as John Adams. I think of my wife’s ancestors, some of the first Swedish immigrants to settle in the Dakota Territory. I think of my Pakistani oncologist who came to America to live in freedom as a Christian. I think of others in our community who can freely practice their religion, if they desire. I think of the Hispanics and the Asians who have come to America seeking opportunities to live a better life. I pray that the Stars and Stripes will wave forever over America. Our nation’s founding fathers knew how to count the cost of liberty. They considered our freedom much more important than the security they enjoyed and they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. They paid the price to win our freedom. Someone has said, â€Å"To be born free is a privilege. To die free is an awesome responsibility. Yet freedom is never free. It is always purchased at great cost.† John Quincy Adams warned us, â€Å"Posterity – you will never know how much it has cost my generation to preserve your freedom. I hope you will make good use of it.† In 1776 Thomas Payne gave us this insight, â€Å"What we obtain too cheaply, we esteem too lightly; it is dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a price on its goods and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated.† How can America continue to be a great nation? She must trust in God. Our American system is really the political expression of Christian ideas. It is a nation founded upon the rock of religion and rooted in the love of man. In 1851 Daniel Webster was reviewing the history of â€Å"this great American family†, he reaffirmed the need and role of God in government, â€Å"Let the religious element in man’s nature be neglected, let him be influenced by no higher motives than low self-interest and be subjected to no stronger restraint than the limits of civil authority and he becomes the creature of selfish passion or blind fanaticism. On the other hand, the cultivation of the religious sentiment represses licensiontiousness . . . inspires respect for law and order and gives strength to the whole social fabric at the same time that it conducts the human soul upward to the Author of its being.† Charles Malik, at one time the Ambassador to the United Nations from Lebanon, put it this way, â€Å"The good in the United States would never have come into being without the blessing and the power of Jesus Christ . . . I know how embarrassing this matter is to politicians, bureaucrats, businessmen, and cynics; but, whatever these honored men think, the irrefutable truth is that the soul of America is at its best and highest Christian.† The concluding words of our National Anthem summarize the fact that the United States of America was born out of a commitment to God and His principles found in the Bible. â€Å"Blessed with victory and peace, may this Heaven-rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation! Then conquer we must, when our case if just; And this be our motto: ‘In God is our trust!’ And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.† Jesus Christ died – and rose – to make men free – all men, all nations. Through Christ, we are freed from the wages of sin. â€Å"For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.† Through Christ, you can be internally and eternally free. â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believes in Him, shall not perish but have everlasting life† (John 3:16). Research Papers on Stars and Stripes Forever - Theology Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationWhere Wild and West MeetDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAWCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Middle aged women and their health (this is for a womens health class) Annotated Bibliography

Middle aged women and their health (this is for a womens health class) - Annotated Bibliography Example This was changed to have a focus on what could be accomplished in everyday life at a moderate level. This article, researching physical activity, was conducted using questionnaires and interviews. There were 2, 341 participants. This study was not considered experimental since it did not require the use of a control group. Since this study was based on self-reporting from the participants, there is always the concern of the accuracy of the results. I would suggest repeating the study using a smaller number of participants and conducting it in a supervised setting. One thought would be to have the participants video themselves while cleaning to monitor the time spent, the level of activity and the number of days a week. The fact that the results were totally based on statements from the participants automatically leads to questions of accuracy. This article focused on bone density. The authors conducted research to determine if long term estrogen use has an effect on bone density. The research showed that it takes at least seven years of estrogen use after menopause in order to make a positive impact on bone density levels. It is questionable whether or not estrogen has any effect on women 75 years old and older. This research project had two distinct groups of participants; those taking estrogen and those who did not. This study could be considered experimental in that there was a control group and the results were compared between the two groups. The only component that is dependent upon the participants is the actual taking of the estrogen. This, however, can be verified through medical testing. The results were determined through the medical testing of bone density, so I consider the results of this research more valid that the previous study. An important factor about this study is the length of time that a women must take the estrogen in order for it to be effective in

Do I know that I have a Hand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Do I know that I have a Hand - Essay Example For the case of the dream doubt, we are prone to doubt our dreams, why? Because dreams are an assumption of what the reality would be to us rather than a certainty of what it really is. For instance, one uses his/her hands to grab something in real life and dream; therefore, it is hard to tell when we are imagining and we are not.REM is the stage where dreams occur and in eight hours of sleep there is about three cycle of REM stage. The first is close to 15 minutes then the rest are 40 to 60 minutes long. Because we are not dreaming for few minutes like we remember when we wake up from a dream, we cannot really prove if we woke up from a real life and continuing to dream or woke up from a dream and continuing the real life. If hands were unmovable items, it would be harder to believe they are not real. That is why when we wake up we find that in was just a brief assumption and not a reality. We need to discover that we cannot know something at the same period and doubt it. One comes first. We need to doubt to believe. That is why when we dream we are using our hand we are believing in a different perspective as opposed to waking up from our dream to find out that reality is far much bigger that the dream, thus we seek to doubt the dream. Thus the dream and reality all refer to the uncertain and certain analytical point of view. â€Å"They are on the one hand experiences of the ordinary, healthy mind, experiences with which no one could plausibly deny an acquaintance, and yet, on the other hand, they are comparable, in their extravagance and deceptiveness, to the delusions of insanity the narrator has just been considering.† †¦ I see plainly that there are never any sure signs by means of which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep. The result is that I begin to feel dazed, and this very feeling only reinforces the notion that I may be asleep. If someone without hands can dream that they have

Perception of elderly people in Singapore

Perception of elderly people in Singapore Singapore is rapidly facing ageing population where the proportion of residents aged 65 and above increased from 14% of the resident population in 1998 and this is set to rise to 27% in 2015. An increase in life expectancy has led to the increase in proportion of elderly people. Other reasons were due to the ageing of the baby boomers, decrease in infant and early childhood mortality rate and low birth rates. In todays society, our perception of elderly people is often that of dependency, slow and disregarded. Misconceptions arise about ageing, leading to stereotyping and social discrimination. A common stereotype states that most elderly people are either unhealthy or ill. When elderly people are unsure of themselves, they are considered to be senile. They are also accused of being old when they forgot a sentence. It was the older generation who worked hard and they deserve to be respected by society. With more and more people becoming old, it is important to pay attention to the legal issues surrounding elders. We need to confront such concerns now so that people are able to look forward to enjoying their old age in peace in the future. Addressing the problem of discrimination in Singapore is therefore a key step in further developing and building up our nation. Through undertaking these suggestions, we can hope towards a better future for Singapore, one free from discrimination and abuse of human rights. Therefore, it is vital that companies and individuals change their mindset and be more supportive towards older generation. Hence, this report will highlight the issue on discrimination against elderly people especially in the workplace. Measures taken at the company and national level to combat this social discrimination against the elderly people are also discussed. Many people discriminate elderly people and this is prevalent in the workplace. Age discrimination occurs when older worker is discriminated against by an employer because of their age. A recent survey by Kelly Services discovered that majority of the 1,500 respondents polled in Singapore, experienced some type of prejudice when applying for a job in the last five years and the main reason for discrimination, which contributed to 29 percent, was age. Majority of the older workers did not complete their secondary education due to limited educational opportunities. Hence, they have a lower skilled job. As firms seek higher productivity, current jobs are being automated and improvised, resulting in multiple and higher skills requirements. This eventually leads to older workers, with low education and holding unskilled jobs, being retrenched. Even if low skilled jobs are available, older workers still face competition from younger and cheaper foreign workers. Many companies are biased against older workers and still prefer to hire younger employees. Such discrimination fails to tap fully the older workers contributions. In addition, due to the high cost of hiring older workers and perception among employers that they are less productive and open to new ideas, many firms are less likely to hire them. As such, employers may encourage early retirement or layoff disproportionately older workers. This is usually seen in computer and entertainment industries. As a result, we often see older workers picking up empty cans or selling tissue papers. Other stereotypical old-age occupations that come into mind will be cleaners and servers at fast food restaurants. Age discrimination has a negative effect on the economy and society. Discriminating age is harmful to a company because older people are full of experiences. By not hiring them, it deprived them of securing a job. The effect on the economy is evident in older workers depleting life savings which were meant for retirement. Borrowing money from financial institutions and maxing out credit cards may be the only solutions for some unemployed people to survive. Medical needs either go unmet or the unemployed person must seek help via subsidies to pay for medication. Depression also rises when people become discouraged from the loss of a job, a home and a livelihood. However, we have Central Provision Fund (CPF) and Medisave which our Singapore government have implemented to provide Singaporeans with a retirement income to meet their basic needs in old age. Another example of discrimination against the elderly people was due to their deteriorating intelligence, they are incapable of making independent decisions such as owning financial property, or living independently. People see this as a negative attitude which is often translated into their ageist actions. There seems to be a trend for the elderly to live on their own, away from their children. It is because some people feel that elderly people is a burden as they are often sick and dependant. Therefore, they will put them in the care of caregivers in the elderly homes, thinking that they have provided them the best in terms of basic needs. However, they are wrong as they have unnoticeably discriminated against them by having a perception that they are a burden, slow, and dependent. United Kingdom (UK) also faces discrimination against the elderly in the workplace. However, older people want to work beyond state pension age and employers are positive about retaining them. Various surveys show that there is a keen attitude amongst older employees for flexible working and flexible pensions. The government encourages older workers to continue working and employers recognize them as a valuable resource. Instead, we should appreciate old age and understand that there is nothing wrong about growing old. We should not identify old age with imagery of despondency. There is a need to rethink on how we can care for the elderly and combat this social discrimination. Under Singapores laws (with some exceptions), the government cannot fine or take any legal action against employers who choose to discriminate. Individuals also cannot sue employers. Recognising the need for older workers to remain employed, the government has come up with various measures which include the extension of the retirement age to 62, reduction in the costs of employing older workers, Back-to-Work programs to encourage the economically inactive to enter the labour force and re-training and skills upgrading of older workers. To reduce the cost of employing older workers, the employers CPF contribution rate for older workers aged 55 and above has decreased and employers can cut wages of workers aged above 60 by up to 10%. Employers have moved away from the seniority wage system and turned to a performance-based wage system. An SHRI (2007) survey revealed that only 14% of Singapore employers use a seniority wage system, while 61% are offering a performance-based wage system. Thus, this enables older workers to be hired because the wages increase with age using a seniority wage system. In the workplace, employers are encouraged to employ older workers and to job redesign. An example will be NTUC FairPrice where they hired older workers and assisted them in job upgrading and career transitions. Older workers can also enrol themselves in training programs to upgrade their skills and this ensures their employability. This is especially so in an increasingly knowledge based Economy. For older workers, learning should not only be seen as an advantage for employment but also for self enrichment and fulfilment. The raising of the retirement age to 62 also enables older workers to secure jobs. Employers have to rethink their attitudes towards employing older workers and make the necessary adjustments e.g. modification of work processes to accommodate older workers. For example, in McDonalds, icons of hamburgers and fries are printed on the cash registers to help older workers key in the right orders. However, their success still depends heavily on employers because it is important that they change their attitudes so that they do not employ employees on the grounds on age. Recently, a tripartite committee (consisting of Singapore National Employers Federation, National Trades Union Congress and the Ministry of Manpower) was set up. They have come up with a set of guidelines on Non- Discriminatory Job Advertisements to discourage employers from adopting discriminatory criteria (such as race, religion, or age) in their recruitment practices. They should avoid stipulating age as a requirement for employment. Public and private sector employers also have to pledge to comply with the non-discriminatory practices. The implementation of the guidelines was successful as there was a significant drop in the percentage of newspaper advertisements stipulating discriminatory criteria from 30% in February to less than 1% in April this year. In Singapore the approach used is more promotional and educational than through legislation as it would be too rigid. This is in contrast with countries such as United Kingdom (UK). UK employment equality law combats prejudice in the workplace as it prohibits discrimination against people based on gender, race, religion, sexuality, disability and age. In UK, It will be unlawful to discriminate against an employee under the age of 65 based on age. Employers are unable to specify that a new recruit should be above or below a particular age. In addition, employers who sack workers or deny them the same training opportunities as their colleagues on age grounds will break the law. The governments also promotes the employment of older workers through re-training programmes, job referrals, career advice, promotion of community service employment and subsidies to employers. Australia: The Aussies have very strong anti-discriminatory hiring practices. When a jobseeker sends in his resume, he can choose not to provide details like address, race, gender, age, religion and photograph. The employers will only decide to interview the candidate based on his working experience and qualifications. In fact, older workers are valuable. Some have argued that they are slow in acquiring new skills. However, older workers perform well in a learning environment involving more hands-on practices, usually those which require customer-sales relationships. The growing importance of services industry in Singapore will expand its employment of older workers as the nature of work will be more dependent on soft skills e.g. in service delivery. In conclusion, government policies can have an impact on the hiring of older workers. Most importantly, it is still the older persons themselves who want to work and employers who provide them with opportunities. As quoted by Ralph B. Perry, Age should not have its face lifted, but it should rather teach the world to admire wrinkles as the etchings of experience and the firm line of character. Why affects society and important? How it creates inequality? Source Citation Elderly Rights. Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. Palmore, E.B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and Positive. Published by Springer Publishing Company, USA. http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=Cg4_DTUuV4ICoi=fndpg=PR3dq=ageismots=82vyBdgdhisig=9aWPYcDpexnP2k2UZNBHEYAUY6g#PPT11,M1 http://theonlinecitizen.com/2009/03/employers-still-discriminating-against-older-workers/ http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/3810/articles/3810e1.htm http://find.galegroup.com.libwww3.np.edu.sg/gic/docRetrieve.do?inPS=truesearchPageType=BasicSearchFormprodId=GICdocId=CP3208520212userGroupName=ngeeann http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/popinbrief2009.pdf http://theonlinecitizen.com/2007/01/time-to-get-tough-on-job-discrimination-part-one/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5378876.stm http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=954240 http://www.eu-seniorunion.info/en/activities/againstviolence/default.htm http://www.helium.com/items/819264-age-discrimination-and-its-effect-on-the-economy-and-society Effects of Discrimination in the Workplace http://socyberty.com/issues/discrimination-in-singapore/#ixzz0nLydnLU3 http://mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7718436.stm http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/dvsequl/agedisc/ageandemp.htm?IsSrchRes=1

Iomega Corporation Data Storage

The purpose of this report is to examine the Iomega Corporation, based in Roy, Utah, for the BA 201 – Survey of Business course at Birmingham-Southern College. The company manufactures computer storage devices: the ZipTM and JazTM drives, the Clik! Storage device, and the BuzTM audio and video drive. 1 The leading supplier of data storage devices in Europe, and the third largest supplier in the world, Iomega has now strengthened its line of products with the Ditto tape backup device.2 The industry†s enthusiasm and public satisfaction with which these products were received is unprecedented in the computer industry, making Iomega an innovator among innovators. This report will discuss the following components of the Iomega Corporation: History of the corporation and its products Marketing strategies and product offerings Iomega was founded in 1980 with its flagship removable storage device, the Bernoulli drive. Though its original efforts are now more than antiquated, Bernoulli Optical Systems remains a subsidiary of Iomega. In 1983 Iomega was made public, and for the next twelve years, the company would see a period of experimentation and growth. While Iomega remained behind the major industry names of Apple and IBM, the late eighties and early nineties were integral to Iomega†s current success. The technical bases for the Zip and Jaz drives were built upon, leading to these products† 1995 release.2 Public response to the release of the portable data storage devices was enormous. Orders clogged the production component of Iomega before the disks were even released to the public, and by April 1996, barely one year after its introduction, Sony Pictures Entertainment entered into an exclusive agreement with Iomega for use of its Jaz disks.3 June of that same year would bring even greater response; Iomega entered into marketing agreements with IBM, NEC Technologies, Gateway, and Unisys.4 By the end of the summer of 1996, Iomega had formed partnerships with every major computer manufacturer in the United States. The media frenzy surrounding the release of the drives was further fueled by honors awarded by computing magazines PC Computing and Gadget Guru. The Jaz drive was named 1996†³s â€Å"Innovation of the Year† and â€Å"Most Valuable Product† by PC. Gadget Guru named the Jaz drive the â€Å"Best Computer Accessory of 1996.† These and other accolades pushed public familiarity of Iomega products higher and higher, boosting production and sales.5 In response to this domestic success, Iomega began a complete expansion of its foreign production and marketing in early 1997. European headquarters were set up in both the Netherlands and Switzerland, and their production site in Malaysia was expanded and modified. While the base of the company remained in Roy, Utah, Iomega†s presence in both Europe and Asia was fortified with a larger number of production jobs for Asians and Europeans. Coupled with a greater concentration of foreign marketing and advertising, Iomega emerged as the third largest producer of data storage devices in the world.6 The end of the 1996 fiscal year showed a 272% increase in revenue from the previous year.7 The introduction of the Jaz and Zip drives in 1995 was undoubtedly responsible for this success, which was followed in 1997 by new partnerships with Motorola, Apple, Kinko†s, and Hewlett Packard.4 By June of 1997, Iomega†s Zip drive shipments reached six million; it was then a standard in new Sony personal computers, Micron notebook computers, and in all Kinko†s store computers nationwide.8 The success of the Iomega drives remained rampant when the company announced the introduction of the Buz multimedia producer in late 1997. The Buz producer would allow consumers to capture movies, music, and photographs on their personal computers. While the success of the Buz drive still remains far behind that of the Zip and Jaz drives, this diversification allowed the company to remain on the cutting edge of computer technology. The Jaz drive was marketed as a companion piece to the Buz drive, lightly forcing consumers to purchase two products with one goal in mind.9 The approach was successful, leading to 1997 fiscal year earnings of 77%.10 May 1998, in the wake of the Buz release, brought about another important computer modernization, the Clik! drive. The Clik! drive revolutionized methods by which consumers could store digital information from handheld video cameras, computers, and cameras.11 Marketed with special Clik! disks, the drive itself brought the portable storage efforts of Iomega full circle, now having storage products for virtually every major computer product on the market. Iomega advertises in many different places. The web site www.iomega.com provides a simple way to find out about the company. It provides potential customers with many different sections geared towards answering their questions about Iomega and its products. The site allows potential customers the opportunity to gather information through press releases and news articles related to the company, and gives customers a chance to win free products in contests. More importantly, Iomega†s web site allows customers the opportunity to order its products online via a virtual shopping mall. Customers can receive Iomega†s products without ever stepping foot outside their front door. Iomega also advertises its products through other companies. Having Iomega Zip drives already installed in computers, such as Apple, Dell, and Gateway, allows customers the option of buying a Zip drive already installed in a computer of a well-established personal computer (PC) manufacturer. About 40% of Dell computers already have Iomega Zip drives installed in them. Due to all of the positive responses Iomega has received from forming partnerships with these PC manufacturers, it has decided to form a new partnership with Fujifilm. Fuji Photo Film Company Ltd. has recently started marketing branded Clik! disks. Fuji already markets Fujifilm branded Zip drives and has now signed with the forty megabyte Clik! disks. Said Steven A. Solomon, senior vice president of Fuji Photo Film USA, Inc., â€Å"We've had great success branding Iomega's popular Zip disks and we believe that we will have similar success with Clik! disks.† 12 Iomega offers customers a way to store large amounts of information on disks rather than saving them on the hard drive of their computer. The company offers 100MB Zip USB and now the new 250MB Zip drives. This option benefits both businesses and personal computer owners. Businesses profit from owning a Zip drive due to the convenience of saving large presentations or proposals on a disk and then carrying it to different places; for personal computer owners, the Zip drive allows everyone in the house to have their own disk, keeping children†s games separate from parent†s finances. The notebook Zip gives people with digital computers the ability to carry large amounts of information with them in a slim, low power design for easier storage and transportation. Iomega recently lowered the price on their external Zip 100MB SCSI and their 100MB Zip USB; the new prices are $99.95 and $129.95, respectively. Reducing the prices was â€Å"driven by the product†s universal adoption by the users of more than twenty-two million Zip drives,† said David J. Henry, vice-president and general manager of Zip/Jaz management at Iomega Corporation. 14 By lowering the price of the product, Iomega makes their products more affordable for their customers, attracting more potential buyers. Iomega Corporation announced in January 1999 that it is restructuring in hopes of increasing gross profit figures for the upcoming fiscal year. Although Iomega controls over 86% of the removable storage market, its gross profits have decreased to levels that have made public investors somewhat weary. Previously, Iomega†s structure was that of three decentralized product units which included the Professional Products, Personal Storage, and Mobile Storage divisions. The new structure will focus on eight business functions that include sales and marketing, product development, manufacturing and operations, corporate marketing, finance, legal, human resources, and corporate development and strategy. In addition, top management created a new functional group known as customer service and development which combines the existing customer service organization with a new group of applications engineers.15 Iomega hopes that these changes will ease the rise-fall-and-rise-again impression that the company has acquired since its entry into the removable storage market in 1980, thus spurring improved gross profits, consumer confidence, and an increased interest on Wall Street.16 In 1983, Iomega was on top of the Wall Street world. The searing property raised $21.7 million in public offerings due to the interest drawn by IBM PC users who were amazed by Iomega†s patented Bernoulli Box technology. The Bernoulli Box used a subsystem with stand-alone disk drives that rest beneath the monitor and provide unlimited data storage capability with removable cartridges. After several years of prosperity, the bottom fell out in 1986 and 1987 when computer makers began including relatively large storage hard drives as a standard part of the home PC. Demand for the Bernoulli Box technology waned, and Iomega experienced hard times that included an $8.5 million bank debt and enormous inventories. Michael Kucha took the reins as chief executive officer (CEO) and immediately made an impact on the struggling company. Kucha cut costs by trimming the workforce from 1,350 to 750 as well as utilizing substantial tax write-offs. In less then a year, Kucha helped Iomega gain an $18 million cash balance, cut the bank debt to zero, and slashed inventory by 50%.16 More importantly, Kucha stressed research and development during his leadership reign. The company was able to adapt its Bernoulli Box product for the Apple Macintosh computers and began benefiting from the increased demand for the Macintosh in the late 1980†³s and early 1990†³s. After a few years of slightly above average success, 1993 proved to be a disastrous year for Iomega. CEO Fred Wenniger, who replaced Kucha in 1989, departed due to shrinking margins and increased competition. The removable storage market had recently been flooded with Iomega clones that caused prices to decline, thus increasing competition. Analysts wondered if the company would survive the year.17 Leon Staciokas was named acting CEO as the company restructured during 1993 and 1994. In January 1994, Staciokas advocated a staff cut in hopes of reducing overhead expenses and freeing up extra cash. Eight percent of salaried positions were cut as part of the corporate wide restructuring.18 Later in the year, Kim Edwards replaced Staciokas and became permanent CEO of Iomega. Edwards first task was freeing up more money to invest in updating and improving technology. In July, Iomega cut 100 salaried jobs in a bold management move that would free up $4 million in overhead annually.19 Edwards† new management approach towards Iomega eventually transformed the company from a struggling business into the most successful removable storage manufacturer in the world. This approach was based on the idea of creating a product that the public would buy and use rather than simply admire. After meeting with top management and technical advisors in the early months of 1995, Edwards was able to lay the groundwork for the release of Iomega†s new Zip drive that would revolutionize the industry and reestablish the company as a major player in removable storage software. The creation and release of the Zip drive in late 1995, as well as wise financial management by Edwards, helped to increase Iomega†s operating budget from $141 million in 1995 to just over $1.2 billion in 1997. 20 Unfortunately, Iomega encountered more problems in late 1997 and early 1998. Edwards believed that opening a new product engineering and manufacturing plant in Milipitas, California, would yield greater productivity and allow for quicker response time to customer demands for new technology.21 And it did. However, in July 1998, Iomega acquired Nomai, another removable storage manufacturer, in hopes of shrinking competition and placing the company squarely in front of all competitors. This bold move hurt Iomega†s finances and caused a significant increase in operating expenses when paired with the upkeep of a brand new factory. This poor management decision by Edwards cost him his job. 22 Presently, Jodie Glore serves as president and CEO of Iomega. Mr. Glore is the permanent replacement for Kim Edwards after James Sierk served a brief stint as interim CEO. Glore hopes to reorganize and restructure Iomega; he wants to focus on the areas that the company has been criticized for in the past such as customer service and unsatisfactory product performance. Glore has already taken steps to alleviate these problems by ordering internal restructuring that will overhaul the previous system. The new system of eight business functions is a more elaborate, yet organized hierarchy. Glore hopes that it will allow a quicker response to customers, placing their needs as a top priority.15

Science Fari Final Report for Oven Baked Ice Cream

Science Fair 2012 By Anna Neuber Question If I put ice cream to bake in an oven, will the egg white and sugar mixture insulate it well enough so it won’t melt? Hypothesis If I put the ice cream into the egg white mixture and heat it up in the oven at 260 °, it will not melt because of the insulation. Variables Independent Variables The independent variables are those that are changed throughout the experiment. In my experiment I am going to change the amount of egg white mixture on the ice cream (in my first experiment I put very little and the experiment didn’t work out).I will also be changing the type of ice cream. This will not affect the experiment but it will change the taste. Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the one that is measured during the experiment. I will be measuring/observing the texture and outcome of the ice cream after it has been baked in the oven. Controlled Variables The controlled variables are the ones that you try to keep constant throughout your experiment so that they don’t affect your experiment. I will be keeping the temperature of the oven the same and the type of cookie that I place the ice cream on.Background Research Ice cream usually melts when exposed to heat. This is an observable physical change. But could there be a way to keep it in tact without letting it melt? In fact, there is a way! Americans eat this as a treat and call it â€Å"Baked Alaska†. In effect it is ice cream covered in an egg white mixture put into an oven. Why doesn’t it melt? The egg whites mixture acts as an insulator and keeps the ice cream cool. The air bubbles slow down the penetration of heat from the outside. Once baked, the dessert is hot on the outside and freezing on the inside.If I put the bowl of ice cream into the egg white mixture and then on the cookie and put it into the oven at 260 degrees Celsius, will it melt or will it stay intact because of the insulation? Oven baked ice cream isnâ€℠¢t an experiment like mixing metals with acids. It’s actually a dessert. The name it was given is â€Å"Baked Alaska†. The name â€Å"Baked Alaska† comes from Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City in 1876, and was created in honor of the newly acquired territory of Alaska. It is basically hard ice cream on a bed of sponge cake.The process is simple; this ‘cake' is kept in the freezer until serving time, when it is placed in a very hot oven, just long enough to brown the meringue. Baked Alaska and similar desserts use the insulating properties of the trapped air in the cellular structure of the foams (the meringue and sponge cake) which keeps the heat from reaching the ice cream. Early versions of this dessert consisted of ice cream covered in a very hot pastry crust. (Ehler, 1990-2012) Since ice cream doesn't really leave a trace like pots or weapons, there is not much history about ice cream.It is said that people living in places in prehistoric times w here snow and ice were abundant made themselves a sort of â€Å"sorbet† by adding fruits to give the ice a flavor. Also, some left over ice houses, where ice was produced, have been found. Ice houses are known to have existed as early as 2,000 B. C. in Mesopotamia. They were built by rich Mesopotamians. Also, some Egyptian Pharaohs ordered ice from the colder regions to be shipped into Egypt. A lot later on, the Arabs began using syrup and sugar instead of honey.In the 10th century B. C. , ice cream was sold in all major Arab cities. The Chinese also picked up the use of ice cream, and it began to be a popular treat in the hot months of the year. (Zinger, 2012) Ancient people first began cooking on open fires. The cooking fires were put on the ground and later simple brick constructions were used to hold the wood. Simple ovens were used by the ancient Greeks for making bread and other baked goods. By the middle ages, taller brick and cement fireplaces, often with chimneys, we re being built.The food to be cooked was placed in metal cauldrons that hung above the fire. The first written historical record of an oven being built refers to an oven built in 1490, in Alsace, France. To improve the ovens, fire chambers were invented that contained the wood fire, and holes were built into the top of these chambers that cooking pots with flat bottoms could be placed directly upon replacing the cauldron. Around 1728, cast iron ovens began to be made in quantity. These first ovens of German design were called Five-plate or Jamb stoves.Around 1800, Benjamin Thompson invented a working iron kitchen stove called the Rumford stove that was designed for very large working kitchens. However, the Rumford stove was too large from the average kitchen and inventors continued to improve their designs. Cast iron stoves continued to evolve, with iron gratings added to the cooking holes, and added chimneys and connecting flue pipes. Jordan Mott invented the first practical coal o ven in 1833. British inventor, James Sharp patented a gas oven in 1826, the first semi-successful gas oven to appear on the market.It was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that electric ovens began to compete with gas ovens, however, electric ovens were available as early as the 1890s. Some historians credit, Canadian Thomas Ahearn with inventing the first electric oven in 1882. The Carpenter Electric Heating Manufacturing Company invented an electric oven in 1891. In 1910, William Hadaway designed the first toaster made by Westinghouse, a horizontal combination toaster-cooker. (Bellis, 2012) In conclusion, I can only say that ice cream definitely doesn’t melt in the oven.But only if you cover it safely in egg whites mixture. On my first experiment, the ice cream melted partially and it wasn’t very successful. This is why I have repeated the experiment to get a different result. I only tried one recipe because the other ones take about 8 to 10 hours and I donâ⠂¬â„¢t have so much time available. The thing that went wrong on the first experiment I think was that the ice cream wasn’t insulated well enough. My second experiment went very well and I was happy about the results, but the last one was not much better than the first trial.This was because the ice cream slipped off the cookie. In summation; oven baked ice cream is definitely not an easy experiment and it takes practice to get a good outcome that tastes good and looks nice as well! Materials List – 3 or 4 large eggs – Vanilla ice cream – 1 large cookie – 113 grams of sugar – Large mixing bowl – Whisk or fork – Ice cream scoop or spoon – Cookie sheet – Aluminum foil – Oven Experimental Procedure 1. Extract the egg whites from the eggs. The egg white has to land in the bowl. 3. Use your whisk or fork to beat the egg-whites in the bowl, slowly adding in the sugar as you mix.Keep beating the egg whites and sug ar until you have a glossy looking mixture. 4. Pre-heat your oven to 260 degrees Celsius 5. Line your cookie-sheet with the aluminum foil so that it covers the entire surface 6. Place your cookie on the center of the foil-lined cookie sheet 7. Take a big scoop of Ice Cream that is about the circumference of the cookie and place is in the egg white mixture. Make sure the ice cream is completely covered and submerged. 8. Take the ice cream from the mixture and place it on the cookie 9. When the oven is pre-heated, place the cookie sheet on the bottom rack 10.Bake the ice cream cookie until the ice cream starts to turn a golden brown, about 5 minutes. 11. Remove the ice cream cookie from the oven and allow a few minutes to cool. Data Analysis Trial| Result| Observation| 1| Bad| The ice cream almost completely melted and the egg whites mixture didn’t insulate properly. Some parts of the egg whites mixture turned a gold-brownish color, but some stayed white and didn’t bake properly. To improve: I need to put on more egg whites mixture. | 2| good| The ice cream barely melted and there was more left than in the experiment before.To improve: I need to leave it longer to bake. | 3| Ok| The ice cream didn’t completely melt but it slipped of the cookie which was not the point of the experiment, still it didn’t melt fully. I left it longer to bake as well. | Observations In the first experiment, I used vanilla ice cream while in the second I used chocolate and in the third I used strawberry. This change only affected the taste and did not change the procedure of the experiment. Also, by adding more and more egg whites, I noticed that the ice cream didn’t melt as fast or almost not at all.I kept the oven temperature the same and also the type of cookie. The â€Å"texture† of the outcome of the ice cream was always creamy and soft. The outsides were a slight golden brown but that is the result that is expected. Conclusions Experimen t Conclusion Relating to my hypothesis, I can conclude that I predicted half correct and half wrong. First of all, two of my experiments failed and one trial worked out, so my hypothesis was only partly right. Secondly, it is probably quite hard to bake ice cream and it must take practice to get it right.I looked at different recipes as well, but all of them take about 8 – 10 hours and it is hard to record it that way and I can’t make my experiment last that long either. Unfortunately, I didn’t record my experiment in a video, but I have made a picture of my first trial. Overall Conclusion My overall conclusion is that I am very happy with my experiment. How did I come up with my experiment? I was looking through a website that had a whole list of experiments, and when I saw the â€Å"Oven baked ice cream† experiment, I was immediately interested, because it seemed impossible to me that something like that actually works out.So then I started doing some r esearch and finally I used this as my experiment. My hypothesis was that the ice cream wouldn’t melt, because I believed that, if the experiment exists and is also served in restaurants it must work. I was really curious to try it out myself, and my outcomes were not too bad (except for my first try). It even tastes good. I think overall I am very pleased with my experiment and what I have achieved. I am glad that I chose this topic because it is interesting to research about and it is also really fun to bake.I have displayed a few pictures and a video too! It is really easy to make the ice cream—well at least from the recipe that I have found. It doesn’t work out straight away, but I think you need to personalize the recipe a little bit so that it suits your taste. I hope that we do a Science Fair next year again because I really enjoyed the planning and research, but I think to enjoy the preparation to science fair you have to choose a topic that really suits you and that you are actually interested in.So all in all, my opinion to science fair is that it is great fun and, even if this first time everyone was a little bit under time pressure, I think it worked out well and I hope that the actual day of science fair will reward our effort and hard work! Acknowledgements I would like to say thank you to my teachers Ms. Mullen and Ms. Phan for helping me in my science fair project. I would also like to thank my mum and my dad for helping me with my experiment. Last but not least I want to thank Ms. Wiedemann and Mr. Lenihan for giving up their lesson and letting us work on science fair. BibliographyEhler, James T. â€Å"Baked Alaska. † Recipes for Sweet Comforts from the North Country. New York, New York: James T. Ehler, 2000. 143. , . . Print. Bellis, Mary. History of Ice Cream. Ed. Mary Bellis. about. com: Mary Bellis, 2011. 2. , . . Print. Bellis, Mary. History of the Oven. Ed. Mary Bellis. about. com: Mary Bellis, 2009. 3. , . . P rint. http://farm4. static. flickr. com/3269/3107121731_69336f5e82_o. jpg â€Å"Baked Alaska. † Alaska Wild Berry Cookbook: 270 Recipes from the Far North. Alaska: Alaska Northwest Books, 2012. Print. http://www. zagblog. ch/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/icecream. jpg